by David Wallace
Understanding Thrombosis in MPN Patients
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of chronic blood cancers that affect the normal functioning of blood cells. People living with MPNs, such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF), have an increased risk of developing blood clots, or thrombosis.
Thrombosis can lead to serious complications, including heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. It is very important for MPN patients to take preventive measures to minimize the risk of thrombosis. In this article, we will discuss 9 tips to help reduce the risks of blood clots in MPN patients.
1. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Obesity is a known risk factor for thrombosis. Excess body weight can lead to increased blood pressure, inflammation, and poor circulation, which all contribute to blood clot formation. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help reduce the risk of blood clots in MPN patients.
Focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while avoiding processed foods high in sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats. Engage in regular physical activity and work with a healthcare provider or nutritionist to create a personalized weight management plan.[1]
2. Stay Physically Active
Physical activity helps improve blood circulation and reduces the risk of blood clots. Exercise promotes the release of natural anticoagulants in the body and helps prevent blood from pooling in the veins. MPN patients should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week, as recommended by the American Heart Association.[2]
Choose activities that are enjoyable and sustainable, such as walking, cycling, swimming, or dancing. In addition to aerobic exercise, incorporate strength training exercises at least twice a week to maintain muscle mass and support overall health. Remember to consult your healthcare provider before starting a new exercise routine.
3. Manage Stress
Stress can increase the risk of thrombosis by causing inflammation and promoting blood clot formation. Prolonged stress can lead to the release of stress hormones, which can increase blood pressure and heart rate, ultimately contributing to clot formation. MPN patients should practice stress management techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga to reduce stress levels and the risk of blood clots.[3]
Additionally, maintaining a strong support network of friends, family, and healthcare providers can help MPN patients navigate the challenges of living with a chronic illness and manage stress more effectively. Consider joining support groups or online forums to connect with others who share similar experiences.
4. Quit Smoking
Smoking is a significant risk factor for thrombosis. The chemicals in cigarette smoke can damage blood vessels, increase inflammation, and cause blood platelets to stick together, leading to blood clot formation. Quitting smoking can reduce symptom burden and the risk of blood clots in MPN patients.
There are various smoking cessation programs and medications available to help individuals quit smoking, such as nicotine replacement therapy, prescription medications, and behavioral support through counseling or support groups.[4] Reach out to your healthcare provider to discuss the most suitable smoking cessation approach for your specific situation and to receive guidance throughout the quitting process.
5. Stay Hydrated
Dehydration can cause blood to thicken, increasing the risk of blood clots. Maintaining proper hydration is essential for overall health, and it plays a crucial role in preventing thrombosis. MPN patients should drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay properly hydrated and minimize the risk of thrombosis.[5]
The Institute of Medicine recommends a daily water intake of about 3.7 liters (13 cups) for men and 2.7 liters (9 cups) for women. This recommendation includes water from all sources, such as beverages and food. Keep in mind that individual hydration needs may vary depending on factors like age, weight, activity level, and climate. To ensure adequate hydration, monitor your urine color, aiming for a pale yellow color, and pay attention to your thirst signals.
6. Limit Alcohol Consumption
Excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of blood clots by affecting blood clotting mechanisms and increasing the production of clot-promoting proteins. Alcohol can also interact with certain medications, potentially impacting their effectiveness in managing MPNs.
MPN patients should limit alcohol consumption in accordance with the American Heart Association’s guidelines, which recommend no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.[6] One drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits. Be mindful of your alcohol intake and consider discussing your consumption habits with your healthcare provider to ensure they align with your overall health goals and treatment plan.
7. Wear Compression Stockings
Compression stockings can help improve blood circulation and prevent blood clots in MPN patients, especially during long periods of immobility, such as during travel or bed rest. These stockings apply gentle pressure to the legs, promoting blood flow back to the heart and reducing the risk of clot formation.[7]
There are different types of compression stockings, such as knee-high, thigh-high, and full-length pantyhose, which vary in pressure levels. Consult your healthcare provider to determine if compression stockings are suitable for your specific situation and to receive guidance on the appropriate type, pressure level, and sizing for optimal benefits.
8. Monitor and Control Blood Pressure
High blood pressure can increase the risk of thrombosis by causing damage to blood vessel walls, promoting inflammation, and contributing to blood clot formation. MPN patients should regularly monitor their blood pressure and work with their healthcare team to manage and control high blood pressure through lifestyle changes and medications.[8]
Lifestyle modifications that can help lower blood pressure include maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress, reducing sodium intake, and consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. If necessary, your healthcare provider may prescribe medication to help manage high blood pressure.
9. Follow Your Treatment Plan
Adhering to your prescribed treatment plan is crucial for managing MPNs and reducing the risk of thrombosis. This may include taking medications such as aspirin, anticoagulants, or cytoreductive therapy, as prescribed by your healthcare provider. These medications can help control blood cell counts, reduce inflammation, and prevent blood clot formation, thereby minimizing the risk of thrombotic events.[9]
Regular follow-ups with your healthcare team will help ensure optimal management of your MPN and minimize the risk of blood clot-related complications. It is essential to attend all scheduled appointments, follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations, and promptly report any new or worsening symptoms. Keeping an open line of communication with your healthcare team can facilitate the timely adjustment of your treatment plan as needed, ensuring the best possible outcomes for your health.
Conclusion
Reducing the risk of thrombosis, or blood clots is essential for MPN patients to prevent potentially life-threatening complications. By implementing these 9 tips, MPN patients can take proactive steps towards minimizing their risk of blood clots and improving their overall health. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any significant lifestyle changes or implementing new strategies for thrombosis prevention. Together, you can create a comprehensive plan that addresses your unique needs and promotes optimal health while living with an MPN.
References
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- [1] NIH. (2020). Cardiovascular Risk in Essential Thrombocythemia and Polycythemia Vera: Thrombotic Risk and Survival. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6951352/
- [2] American Heart Association. (2018). American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults and Kids. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults
- [3] Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2012). Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 9(6), 360-370. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2012.45
- [4] Ambrose, J. A., & Barua, R. S. (2004). The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(10), 1731-1737.
- [5] Cheuvront, S. N., & Kenefick, R. W. (2014). Dehydration: physiology, assessment, and performance effects. Comprehensive Physiology, 4(1), 257-285.
- [6] Mukamal, K. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2008). Alcohol’s effects on the risk for coronary heart disease. Alcohol Research & Health, 31(4), 245-254.
- [7] Lippi, G., Favaloro, E. J., & Cervellin, G. (2012). Prevention of venous thromboembolism: focus on mechanical prophylaxis. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 38(3), 237-251.
- [8] Lip, G. Y., & Beevers, D. G. (1995). ABC of atrial fibrillation. History, epidemiology, and importance of atrial fibrillation. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 311(7016), 1361.
- [9] Tefferi, A., & Vardiman, J. W. (2008). Classification and diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms: the 2008 World Health Organization criteria and point-of-care diagnostic algorithms. Leukemia, 22(1), 14-22.
